John P. Holland's "Fenian Ram" submarine

John P. Holland's early submarine development was funded by an Irish group, the Fenians. His first submarine was square rather than round and for one person that proved his theories of operating a submarine. The second submarine, above, of 1883 was 31 ft long by 6 ft beam, 19 tons, 15 hp engine, crew of three. Note the propeller at the left and the large rudder below. The skipper looked out the portholes and "porpoised" to see when underwater. A reporter called it the Fenian Ram. The submarine performed like a charm on the surface and below, but firing its one torpedo tube was less successful. It is now at the Paterson Museum in New Jersey as is his first small submarine.